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In Germanic languages, including English, weak verbs are by far the largest group of verbs, which are therefore often regarded as the norm (the regular verbs), though historically they are not the oldest or most original group. ==General description== In Germanic languages, weak verbs are those verbs that form their preterites and past participles by means of a dental suffix, an inflection that contains a /t/ or /d/ sound or similar. (For comparative purposes we may refer to this generally as a dental, although in some of the languages, including most varieties of English, /t/ and /d/ are alveolar rather than dental consonants.) In all Germanic languages, the preterite and past participle forms of weak verbs are formed from the same stem. For example: Historically, the pronunciation of the suffix in the vast majority of weak verbs (all four classes) was , although in most sources discussing Proto-Germanic it is spelled In English, the dental is a /d/ after a voiced consonant (''loved'') or vowel (''laid''), and a /t/ after a voiceless consonant (''laughed''), though English uses the spelling in In Dutch, /t/ and /d/ are distributed as in English provided there is a following vowel, but when there is no following vowel, terminal devoicing causes the pronunciation /t/ in all cases. Nevertheless, Dutch does distinguish the spellings in In Afrikaans, which descends from Dutch, the past tense has fallen out of use altogether, and the past participle is marked only with the prefix ''ge-''. Therefore, the suffix has disappeared along with the forms that originally contained it. In German the dental is always /t/, and always spelled In Low German, the dental ending of the preterite tense was originally in /d/ or /t/ according to the stem of the verb. However this ending has fallen out in pronunciation, starting in the 17th century when the preterite was written with an ending ''-er'' representing the sound () which was already the last remain of the former -de and -te endings of Middle Low German. Nowadays the only Low German verb that still shows a remnant of dental ending is ''leggen'' which has the preterite ''leed'' . The verb ''hebben'' which has ''harr'' with old r-ending from the Middle Low German dental. In Icelandic, the dental was originally a voiced dental fricative ; it is preserved as such after vowels, voiced fricatives and /r/, but has been hardened to a stop /d/ after nasals and /l/, and has been devoiced to /t/ after voiceless consonants and in some other cases (in most Old Norse texts, this alternation is already found in heavy roots, although the light ones preserve /ð/). Furthermore, the voicing contrast between /d/ and /t/ has been replaced in Modern Icelandic by an aspiration contrast, which may not be realized phonetically in all the relevant positions. The situation of early Norwegian was similar to Icelandic, but intervocalic eventually disappeared. In the verbs where it remains, the dental is /t/, /d/, depending on conjugation class and dialect. It is spelled accordingly. In Nynorsk, it can be different in the preterite and the past participle. Swedish is very similar to Norwegian, although the dental is retained in the spelling, even between vowels. Some informal spellings indicate a lost dental, such as in ''sa'' ("said") from the standard spelling ''sade''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Germanic weak verb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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